Imiterere yihariye y’ibidukikije bya moteri ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri by’ingenzi hashingiwe ku miterere y’ibidukikije: ibidukikije karemano n’ibidukikije by’inganda. Uturere karemano tw’ikirere ahanini turimo ibidukikije byo mu turere dushyuha, mu mazi, mu bukonje, munsi y’ubutaka no mu misozi miremire; ibidukikije by’inganda ahanini birimo ibidukikije byangiza, ibidukikije biturika, ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubuke, igitutu kinini n’ikidakomeye, uduce duto n’umukungugu, imirasire y’ingufu nyinshi n’imitwaro yihariye ya mekanike, nibindi. Ingaruka z’ibidukikije byihariye ku bushyuhe bwa moteri.
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe
Bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo mu kirere bugira ingaruka ku gushonga k'ubushyuhe bwa moteri, imbaraga zayo zigabanuka. Ingaruka zikomeye z'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imirasire ya ultraviolet byihutisha gusaza kw'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe. Mu bice byumye n'ibishyushye, ubushyuhe bukabije rimwe na rimwe bugabanuka bukagera kuri 3%. Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umwuma bituma ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe byumye, bigacika iminkanyari, bigahinduka imiterere mibi kandi bigacika. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma imvange y'ibiryo itakaza. Ubushyuhe buke butuma karuboni na pulasitiki bikomera, bigacika intege kandi bigacika, kandi bigatuma amavuta yo kwisiga n'ibikoresho bikonjesha bikonje.
Ingaruka z'ubushuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi
Ubushuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma amazi akora ku buso. Iyo ubushuhe burenze 95%, ibitonyanga by'amazi bikunze kwibumbira muri moteri, bigatuma ibice by'icyuma bishobora kwangirika, amavuta akoreshwa mu gusiga ashobora kwangirika no kwangirika, ndetse n'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikingira bishobora kubyimba bitewe no kwangirika k'ubushuhe cyangwa bikaba byoroshye kandi bifatana. Imikorere ya mekanike n'amashanyarazi iragabanuka, kandi hari ibyago byinshi byo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe no guhindagurika k'ubuso.
Ingaruka z'ibihumyo
Mu gihe hari ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi, ibihumyo bikunze kwiyongera. Ibihumyo bishobora kwangiza ibyuma n'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe, bigatuma ubushyuhe bushaza vuba kandi bigatera impanuka mu gihe gito.
Ivumbi n'uduce tw'umucanga
Umukungugu (harimo n'umukungugu wo mu nganda) bivuga uduce dufite umurambararo kuva kuri mikorometero 1 kugeza 150; umukungugu w'umucanga uvuga uduce twa quartz dufite umurambararo kuva kuri mikorometero 10 kugeza 1000. Iyo umukungugu n'umucanga byikubise ku buso bw'ubushyuhe, bizatera kugabanuka k'imikorere y'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi bitewe no kwinjiza ubushuhe, kandi umukungugu uyobora amashanyarazi ushobora gutera impanuka zo gufunga cyangwa impanuka z'urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi. Umukungugu wa aside na alkaline wombi ukunda kwangirika, bityo ugatera kwangirika kw'ibice by'icyuma n'ibice bikingira ubushyuhe. Iyo umukungugu n'umucanga byinjiye muri moteri, bishobora gutera kwangirika kwa mekanike no kwangirika kw'ibice. Iyo ingano ari nini, izafunga umuyoboro w'umwuka kandi igire ingaruka ku guhumeka no gushonga k'ubushyuhe. Kubwibyo, kuri moteri zikoreshwa mu bice by'umukungugu byo mu nganda no mu duce tw'umucanga two hanze, ingamba zo gukumira umucanga n'umukungugu zigomba gufatwa.
Ingaruka zo gusukura umunyu
Iyo imiraba ikaze mu nyanja igeze ku nkombe y'amabuye, ibitonyanga by'amazi biramanuka bigahinduka nk'ibihu bikinjira mu kirere. Utu duce tw'amazi twa chloride mu kirere twitwa ibihu by'umunyu. Ibihu by'umunyu bikora electrolyte ku buso bukingira ubushyuhe n'ubw'icyuma, byihutisha inzira yo kwangirika no kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ubushyuhe. Urugero, bishobora gutera ikorosi no kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amazi usohoka.
Akaga k'udukoko n'utundi dukoko duto
Mu turere dushyuha, ingaruka mbi ziterwa n'udukoko n'utundi dukoko ni nyinshi cyane. Ku ruhande rumwe, bubaka ibyari mu mashini zikoresha amashanyarazi hanyuma bagasiga imirambo, bigatera kuziba kw'ibikoresho; ku rundi ruhande, baruma mu buryo bwo gukingira cyangwa bakarya ibikoresho byo gukingira, bigatera impanuka z'amashanyarazi. Cyane cyane, insegere, inkende zirya inkwi, imbeba n'inzoka ni byo byangiza cyane.
Imyuka yangiza
Mu nganda zikora imiti (harimo ibirombe, ifumbire mvaruganda, imiti, kawurube, nibindi), usanga ahanini hari ingano nini y’imyuka nka chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfure dioxide, azote oxyde, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nibindi. Nubwo ingese yazo ari nto mu kirere cyumye (aho urugero rwo kuvanga ruri munsi ya 70%), zikora aerosol za aside cyangwa alkaline zirimo kwangirika mu kirere gikonje. Muri rusange, iyo ubushuhe bw’ikirere butaragera ku bwinshi kandi hakabaho ubushyuhe ku buso bw’umusaruro, ingese y’ibice by’icyuma n’ibice byacyo ndetse no kwangirika k’imikorere yo gushyushya bizihuta cyane. Kubwibyo, ingaruka z’imyuka yangirika ku bicuruzwa bya moteri biterwa n’ubushuhe bw’ikirere, imiterere n’ubwinshi bw’imyuka yangirika.
Igitutu cya barometric
Mu turere turi mu butumburuke burebure (hejuru ya metero 1000), bitewe no kugabanuka k'ubucucike bw'umwuka uko uburebure bwiyongera, bigira ingaruka ku kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwa moteri no kugabanuka k'umusaruro. Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi wa korona muri moteri zifite ingufu nyinshi nawo uzagabanuka uko bikwiye. Iyo moteri ikora na korona igihe kirekire, bizagira ingaruka ku buzima bw'imikorere n'imikorere myiza ya moteri. Byongeye kandi, impinduka mu butumburuke zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka kwa DC no kwangirika k'uburoso. Mu kirere kidafite ubushuhe na ogisijeni (cyane cyane ubushuhe), igipimo cyo kubaho kwa firime za okiside y'umuringa ku buso bwo kwangirika kiragabanuka, ibyo bikaba bidashobora guhuza no kwangirika, bityo bigatera kwangirika k'ubushuhe no kwiyongera k'uburoso.
Ingufu nyinshi
Imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi (nk'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi, protoni cyangwa imirasire ya Y ituruka ku mirasire ya kirimbuzi) ishobora gutuma atome z'ikintu zihinduka, bigatera ubusembwa bwa lattice no kurema impande zombi z'atomike zidafite aho zibogamiye, bityo bigatera kwangirika k'imirasire ku miterere y'ikintu. Byongeye kandi, iyo ikintu kigaragaye ku mirasire, electron zikura mu nzira zacyo, zigatanga impande zombi z'imashini zikoresha umwobo, bigatuma ikintu gishobora kwibasirwa na ionization. Ingaruka z'imirasire ku bikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe ziterwa n'ubwoko n'ingano y'imirasire (igaragazwa n'igipimo cy'ingano cyangwa agaciro k'ingano), ingufu z'imirasire, imiterere y'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe byatewe n'imirasire, n'ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije. Imirasire ahanini itera kwangirika ku bikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe. Muri byo, imiterere y'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bya organic irangirika cyane. Igipimo cy'imirasire cyemewe ku bikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe ni 10 roentgens. Ariko, ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bya inorganic bifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bw'imirasire, nka quartz na mica, bishobora kwihanganira igipimo cy'imirasire cyemewe cya 10 roentgens.
Imbaraga za mekanike
Umuvuduko mwinshi, ingaruka no gutigita bishobora kwangiza byoroshye ibice by'icyuma n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwa moteri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-12-2025